Importance of Management and Leadership for an Organization Essay

â€Å"Both management and leadership are needed to make teams and organisations successful. Trying to decide which is more important is like trying to decide whether the right or left wing is more important to an airplane’s flight. I’ll take both please!† (Clemmer, 2005, as cited in McLean, 2005, p.16). The aim of this essay is to answer the age old question as to whether management or leadership is more important to an organisation. Organisations, ranging from professional to social, have been in existence for centuries and the sole purpose of any of these organisations is to grow and succeed. Thus, it is without a doubt that any organisation would accomplish much without a source of management or leadership. Even though it is evident that both management and leadership are both fundamental to a successful organisation, a distinction between the two should be made; although they are both similar in definition and function they do differ in importance in and effe ct on organisations. It is contended that the implementation of good management has a greater benefit, and therefore has more importance, to an organisation than leadership because: leading is considered as an element of the management function; to manage an organisation is to sustain it whereas to lead is to direct it but if there is no management, there is no entity, which leaves nothing for leaders to lead; leadership is focused on the management of people but an organisation is made up of more than just people; and also the value of leadership depends deeply on the structure and size of the organisation in question. The term ‘good’ is often used to describe something of quality and skill; thus, good management simply means management that is of the highest quality and is effective in producing the greatest results for an organisation: â€Å"Excellent results stem from a combination of skilled management, strategic thought and a good dose of general common sense† (Honig, 1999, as c ited in Samson & Daft, 2009, p.14). Every workplace organisation, whether large or small, has a manager or person in charge; whether the appointed person is able to implement good management depends on their skill and capability. Management is the major task of any manager – it involves the use of authority to coordinate and supervise the activities of others and to ensure that tasks are being completed in an effective and efficient manner. More importantly, managers must implement the four key elements of management: planning, organising, leading and controlling in order to attain organisational goals (Bartol, Tein, Matthews & Sharma, 2008). Organisational goals, whether they are sales targets or technological developments, are put in place by managers to set out the purpose and scope of an entity. Without such goals an organisation would cease to exist as there would be no direction to grow or move forward. The process of setting goals and deciding how to achieve them is the planning aspect of the management f unction (Bartol et al., 2008). If effective management is employed, there is a greater likelihood of managers establishing better organisational goals and contingency plans to ensure the future and success of the organisation; because it will not only be goal directed but will also be prepared for unforeseen circumstances that may arise, enabling them to react effectively and efficiently (Samson & Daft, 2009). Good management also assists in the successful implementation of action plans to achieve such organisational goals by organising, allocating, arranging and regulating activities and resources within the workplace (Bartol et al., 2008). Leading and managing are terms often used interchangeably because leading is described as a core activity of any manager (McLean, 2005). Leadership involves managers using influence to motivate employees to engage in plans that work towards achieving organisational goals (Bartol et al., 2008; Samson & Daft, 2009). This suggests that leadership is intertwined within the task of management. So if good management practices are in place in an organisation, leadership is expected to follow in existence. However, the mistake should not be made to describe leadership and management as the same thing – â€Å"leadership is an element of management but is not the same thing† (Lyson cited in Robinson, 1999, p.20). To say that leading and managing is the same would be to ultimately say planning and managing is the same thing; nevertheless, planning is only a function of management, as is leading. Therefore, if an organisation were given a choice between employing either a good manager or a good leader, the good manager would be the safer bet because it would be expected that a good manager encompasses good leadership. Furthermore, the importance of and need for management in a workplace is supported by the idea that organisations are established to succeed and innovate and such is not possib le without the planning and setting of organisational goals and the attainment of these goals by organising, leading and controlling. Once good management is in practice, the four key functions, including leadership, are sure to be carried out effectively and efficiently. The profitability of an organisation is not a result of good management on its own; however, management is a major contributing factor. Every organisation is goal directed, and as ascribed earlier, management is the attainment of organisational goals with the use of planning, organising, leading and controlling (Bartol et al., 2008). The organisational goals act as an entity’s reason for existence, it strives to achieve these goals in order to grow and accomplish. Therefore it can be concluded that the focus of any organisation is to grow and move forward rather than to remain stationary and unproductive and thus there is an assumption that the life of the entity will be on going. The survival of an organisation depends on the ability of the manager to sustain it by utilizing the effective skills of good management. The manager is responsible for making informed decisions about the welfare of the organisation along with the collective resources owned. These decisions aim to not only achieve goals but to sustain and up hold the organisation to ensure its survival in today’s dynamic environment. Thus there is emphasis on an organisation to have good management in order for the entity to survive, which also acts to highlight the importance of effective management. On the other hand, leadership is implemented as the principle dynamic force to guide and motivate subordinates to attain organisational objectives (Burns, 1978, as cited in Shamas & Ofori, 2008) and ultimately bring change to an organisation as more goals are satisfied. If effective leadership is exercised within an organisation, innovation, change and transformation are easily attainable (Bartol et al., 2008). Alternatively, Slap (2010) asserts that although leadership profits and adds value to an organisation by way of innovation, it is not the purpose of introducing leadership. Rather, leadership is used as a tool to share and express important values and experiences to employees in an attempt to bring about an improved change in the workplace environment and in the attitudes held by employees. Leadership in this sense allows leaders to be more easily respected upon employees because they feel more connected with the leader, which also gives the leader greater influence to motivate and encourage hard work. Nevertheless, whichever way leadership is regarded the end result remains the same: innovation of an organisation by way of providing direction to accomplish objectives (Bass, 1990, as cited in Shamas & Ofori, 2008). â€Å"A leader innovates; a manager maintains† (Hollingsworth, as cited in Robinson, 1999, p.20); without effective management to keep the organisation alive it is likely to fail, and consequently leaders will be left taskless – there will be no goals left to achieve, no employees left to motivate and ultimately no organisation left to innovate. This strongly recognises the importance of good management and the added advantage it brings to an organisation; without good management, good leadership will be ineffective and futile. On the contrary, leadership is often considered as a much more pleasant concept in comparison to that of management: â€Å"leaders are seen as charismatic and often are admired and held in high esteem, managers frequently are thought of as the organization’s taskmasters with a whip in one hand and a bullhorn for screaming out orders in the other hand† (Kotterman, 2006, p. 13). Zaleznik (1977) and Burns (1978), as cited in Nienaber ( 2010), portray management as â€Å"mundane, uninspiring and tactical by nature† and in addition, asserting that management alone cannot guarantee the success of an organisation. Consequently, it has been argued that leadership should be favoured at the expense of management in a successful organisation (Spurgeon & Cragg, 2007, as cited in Nienaber, 2010). One of the most important aspects of leadership is the leaders’ followers (Bennis, 1989, as cited in Shamas & Ofori, 2008). Iscoe (2005, as cited in McLean, 2005) argues that people would rather follow a leader than a manger, if given the option; this is not surprising as leaders tend to focus more on the people rather than any other aspect of the organisation because in order for a leader to effectively influence and lead others they must work to gain the trust and respect of their followers. Thus, there are various positive reasons as to why leaders are commended over managers among the people, some of which are highlighted in Maccoby (2000), as cited in Shamas & Ofori (2008)., p.63: â€Å"hope of success, trust in the leader, excitement about a project or mission, or the opportunity to stretch on eself to the limit†. Unlike management, leadership is not an assigned role or title placed on someone. The task of managing a corporation is specific to the teams of managers who are formally appointed the position whereas leaders can stem from any sector of an organisation. Therefore, managers are associated with formal authority (McLean, 2005) which means people secondary to them in the organisational hierarchy may view managers as intimidating and unapproachable which further emphasises why leaders are more favourable in an organisation. Yet in reality, success isn’t easily achievable and so in order to attain it, compromise must occur. An organisation cannot survive on leadership alone, because although a leader may possess few managerial qualities, they are unable to satisfy all the tasks of a manager. Nevertheless, as every workplace organisation involves employees, it is evident that leadership is a fundamental aspect of any entity because leaders are responsible for managing the people. However, organisations are about more than just the workers, which illustrates the prevailing importance of managers to control all the remaining aspects of an organisation such as goals, plans, assets and resources. As previously mentioned, every organisation involves employees. The McDonalds restaurant is the largest fast food chain in the world, operating over 30,000 franchises in over 100 countries worldwide. It was revealed in the 2010 McDonalds annual report that the organisation employs over 1.7 million workers from all age groups across their stores. In enormous corporations such as McDonalds, with such a vast number of employees, it is expected that both leaders and managers are equally essential in running the organisation because there is an equally enormous number of duties to be satisfied. However, in contrast, a small, family-owned, local milk bar may only have, at most, three employees. Clearly leadership is not as important in an organisation of three people in comparison to that of one with over one million people, simply because such a minute organisation does not require such a deep extent of leadership. However, it is not to say that the manager of the milk bar should not possess leadership qualities because even though there are very few employees, motivation and communication of direction must still take place (Nienaber, 2010) in order for the business to thrive. Although both management and leadership are both important functions of an organisation, a number of moderating factors determine the effectiveness and importance of leadership including size of the organisation (Fiedler, 1967; Gardner et al., 2005, as cited in Shamas and Ofori, 2008) whereas, regardless of size or type, every organisation needs a person in charge. In other words, management is important and is needed in every organisation but the extent to which leadership is needed varies among different organisations. Conclusively, although leadership and management are functions that must be applied to any successful organisation, effective management has prevailing importance. Theoretically, management is defined as the attainment of organisational goals through planning, organising, leading and controlling (Bartol et al., 2008). Thus it is clear that leadership is encompassed in the task of management so if a manager can perform their task effectively, leadership is likely to follow. However the reverse is not true, as to lead is to influence, direct and motivate others to achieve goals, not to control so management is not a facet of leadership. Management is often considered as a control mechanism in an organisation which some tend to find intimidating and off putting which is why leadership is usually the preferred, softer option (Kotterman, 2006). However, the focus of leaders is often on the people but people are obviously just one aspect of an organisation which is why managers are more important because there are so many other features of an organisation to be controlled. By influencing people to complete tasks effectively and efficiently, leaders bring about change and innovation in an organisation. However, without management acting to sustain organisations in today’s turbulent environment, there is simply no place left for a leader (Hollingsworth, as cited in Robinson, 1999). Finally, the essentiality of leadership in an organisation depends greatly on the size and type of a corporation whereas management is equally important in any and all organisations. These points clearly demonstrate that good management is more important to a successfully running organisation than good leadership. All in all, if an organisation were given an ultimatum between a good manager and a good leader, the good manager is likely to prevail.

The Stereotypical Image of the American Soldier

Military supremacy is what makes a nation a superpower—with the fall of the Soviet Union, the United States of America is undeniably the only superpower left in the world. No other country at the present world can come close to America’s military prowess.Because the foot soldier is the basic unit of the military, their image is of utmost importance. However, like most professions, there are stereotypes related to the American soldier. These stereotypes, used as propaganda to intimidate the forces of the enemy, may be traced back to the Second World War or maybe earlier (Snellman).Since wars are not that â€Å"encouraged† anymore, the image of the American soldier has been shaped mostly by media, which also paved the way for stereotypes on the American soldier to develop. Stereotypes Because the world has not a seen a major, full-scale, and closely contested war since Vietnam or Korea (Wars after those were mostly one-sided), the image of the American soldier has not been covered as much as they were during times of major conflicts. Movies provided the civilians with an alternative into developing their perceptions regarding the American Soldier.Sadly, these perceptions that the public has come up with are stereotypical and sometimes offensive. The American Soldier as a White Male When we first think of the visual image of the American soldier, the first thing that we would imagine is that of a white male.An American soldier is usually visualized as white, standing bravely with a gun on his hand. This is the case because of two things. First, the whites are considered as the majority race in the US, so the chances of a soldier being white are quite high.Second, the American soldier is also thought to be white most of the time because of the history of the US—In the past up until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and maybe until now, the blacks were discriminated greatly.This translated into the white soldier as the image of the American so ldier, even if the African-Americans played an important role during the Civil War. The American soldier is also stereotyped as a male simply because our society is generally a patriarchal society despite the rise of feminism. The American soldier is thought (and should be) to be strong physically.Being physically strong is not an attribute that is associated with women, thus creating the image of the American soldier as masculine. The American Soldier from the Lower Class A job in the army has never been a glamorous or desired job for the public.Enlisting in the army is stereotyped as a last resort to earn a living because the person cannot afford to go to college or get a high paying job. There is some element of truth into this stereotype because this scenario is usually the case. However, that does not mean that all soldiers are from poor economic backgrounds.Some of them may really want to join the army despite having other bigger opportunities as a civilian. This stereotype ma y also have surfaced because the army does not even require a high school diploma (Army. com). The American Soldier as an Independent, Self-reliant, and Assertive Individual Despite being part of the most powerful (in force and number) and advanced army in the world, the American soldier, when he or she is by him- or herself, is stereotyped as independent, self-reliant, and assertive, as they ought to be.The strength of the army is measured by the strength of its soldiers. If even one of its soldiers does not possess the said traits, the strength of the army maybe compromised. Therefore, the public thinks highly of our soldiers as having all those traits mentioned.Sometimes, while practicing their independence or by trying to assert themselves, soldiers may be branded as aggressive, but it is only their eagerness to be independent and assertive that they become stereotyped as aggressive.The public expects the American soldier to be aggressive because they are supposed to be combat-r eady all the time. The American Soldier as a Strict, Stiff, and too Disciplined Person Discipline is one of the core values of the military. Army personnel are expected to conduct themselves properly at all times, but that does not mean that they are always like that even when they are not on duty. Media have portrayed our soldiers as being too strict, too conscious about discipline, and stiff in their movements, even (or especially) the retired ones.This is not a realistic portrayal of the soldiers because it is highly doubtful that they are like that to their families. Although we could expect military men referring to civilians as â€Å"Sir† or â€Å"Ma’am,† the chances of father and mother soldiers barking orders at their children and making them do push-ups, crunches, and all those military punishment are slim. The American Soldier as a Grown Man Pictures of American soldiers in the news and especially depictions in movies are almost always a picture of a m ature man. Rarely do we see young soldiers slugging it out on the screen.This stereotype of the American soldier is partly true and partly false—true because today, even if the army does not even require a high school diploma, it is mostly the experienced men that go out into the field, and false because during the previous wars, a lot of young men were forced into battle because of the scarcity in military personnel. Now, young men are no longer forced into action because the army has a lot of experienced men ready to battle all the time. Conclusion The American soldier is one of the enduring images of patriotism in the United States.The American soldier’s image has developed stereotypes through the years because of media coverage and portrayals in films. This has led the public into coming up with stereotypes that are now synonymous to the term American Soldier.Works CitedSnellman, Pekka. â€Å"The Grunt: Analysis of a Stereotype. † Power Pride and Politics in American English. 22 March 2006.University of Tampere. 27 March 2009. . Army. com.Requirements to Join the US Army. 27 March 2009 .

Understand health and safety in social care setting Essay

According to the health and safety authority a hazard is defined as ‘a potential source of harm or adverse health effect on a person or persons and a risk is defined as ‘. The likelihood that a person may be harmed or  suffers adverse health effects if exposed to a hazard The example they use to contextualise the two is very clear and very helpful. ‘ If there was a spill of water in a room then that water would present a slipping hazard to persons passing through it. If access to that area was prevented by a physical barrier then the hazard would remain though the risk would be minimised. To be able to use a health and safety risk assessment you must be able to spot hazards and evaluate what the hazard poses, for example you see in the clients home that there is an obstacle in the way of an entrance restricting the space so some walkers wouldn’t be able to get past safely this would be a high risk of falling Afterwards the risk assessment should have been reviewed and any findings that you make should be recorded appropriately, and changes made to further ensure that persons health and safety, perhaps by amending the work you have already done with the risk assessment and it should be reported to either your senior or manager that risk assessment is complete. Reporting health and safety risks that have been identified. It is important for all staff to be able to report any possible identified health and safety risks. They should be confident in knowing how and when to act upon it. In the care working environment the employer must make their employees know that it is of the upmost importance that they are to act upon and report any possible health and safety risks that could potentially put others in a place of harm or injury in the work place. They must be aware that even if the recognised problem has already been flagged and documented they are still responsible in reporting it to ensure the correct procedures can be put into place. This will aid in the help of rectifying the hazard that has been reported. There will already be the properly implemented measures to reduce any possible health and safety risks. But the action and knowledge of the procedure of reporting and documenting all occurrences of physical, viral, injuries and sicknes s and also any potential risks of accidents is still a vital procedure that must never be ignored. Within all Framework services they have policies and procedures in regard of reporting  all health and safety incidents and accidents in place. They outline the importance of documenting and reporting in writing and also speaking of any possible preventable accidents no matter how large and small they may seem. In all any recognised health and safety issues the Framework is that they are reported to the line manager who is in the position of acting on the assessment of the hazard. All accidents and risks must always be clearly documented and reported with the correct time and date accordingly to give a true and accurate account of the incident. An on-going assessment of the health and safety in the workplace is vital to prevent any dangers occurring or being missed. How a risk assessment can help address dilemmas between an individual’s rights and health and safety concern. Risks are an important part of our everyday lives we are encouraged to take them to possibly reach our set goals whether it will be for our working life or personal achievement’s. For others who may need special needs support they may be actively deterred from taking such risks. This could be due to a fear of them coming to harm or they may not be able to cope with the results of their actions. This could result in them becoming less confident with the purpose of their life and their right to be an independent individual. Legislation and workplace policies have been implemented to support such problems occurring. They enable these individuals to be given the appropriate support and help that they require to be able to live in society as independent as possible without the fear of being a health and safety risk to themselves or others. Health and training for the support workers will help them with confronting any possible problems that could arise whilst helping the person who requires their help in becoming more independent. Continuous observation and of reviewing practice and procedures are put into place to ensure that the individual in their care is least likely to be confronted with any hazards or sociable obstacles that could lead them to suffer any further emotional or physical harm. The fact that the person in your care requires a risk assessment or a plan management this should not mean they are restricted in what they want to do or the person they want to be Understanding of procedures for responding to accidents and sudden illness. Different types of accidents and sudden illness that may occur in a social care setting. There are a wide variety of sudden illnesses and accidents that can occur and put the individual in immediate danger. These could be caused by everyday objects such as a loose rug or even a wet floor. If these hazards are not pointed out or left unchanged they could lead to the person suffering a fall or breaking of bones. The individual could be burnt or scarred if items such as an iron or cooker are left on. They should be monitored carefully with any hot appliances in the prevention of injuries. They could also suffer from poisoning and overdosing if chemicals or medicine is not correctly stored away from the vulnerable person. Sudden illnesses Illnesses that are brought on suddenly are medical conditions such as a stroke which is where the brain cells die suddenly through the lack of oxygen. This is when there is a blockage in the blood flow and or the rupture of a artery that connects to the brain. Asthma is a dangerous medical condition which causes difficulty in breathing, breathing difficulties can also be caused by allergic reactions to substances or items. Hypoglycaemia is a medical condition brought about by the drop of glucose [sugar]. Choking is a hazard brought about by the airway is blocked commonly by food. Seizures can cause spasms of muscles and or unconsciousness this is caused by the electrical workings of the brain fails to work correctly. A fall could lead to the person losing consciousness or temporary fainting. A person who develops food poisoning from contaminated water or ill prepared or stored food will suffer from sickness and diarrhoea. A heart attack is known as a cardiac arrest this is where the heart fails to pump blood around the body leading to heart failure. Chest pain which is felt around the shoulders around the ribs and generally in the upper torso could imply a large amount of conditions. These symptoms should never be ignored and always be checked by the medical profession. Procedures that are followed if an accident or sudden illness should occur. The first important thing that all staff must adhere to is the policies and procedures that have been implemented by their workplace. They  must be always ready and aware of what action to take in the possible case of illness or accident. They should behave in a professional manner and that their actions and behaviour do not create any hindrance to their client’s recovery. You should remove any persons who are not directly involved in the aid of the client and keep the entrance safely clear to allow the medical staff a clear admittance. The client should be treated with respect at all times and not left to feel like a second rate citizen. The surrounding environment should be made safe and private. You can do this by. Disabling the power supply in the prospect of electrical shock. Move the patient to a safe area in the case of risk of fire or an unstable building. Clear the surrounding area of any unwanted obstacles i.e.: furniture. You should make the person feel comfortable and dignified. The correct way to handle emergencies and dealing with the medically trained professionals are: For emergencies only you should ring 999. Clear the area and make it a safe place. Keep the person conscious by talking to them loudly or if they do not make a clear response check their [ABC] Airway Breathing and Circulation. You should call for help as soon as possible. Tilt their head and check for an airway, if there is not a clear one give 2 deep breaths. Check to see if there is pulses if none is felt on the main arteries in the neck begin the [BLS] Basic Life Support. This consists of 15 chest compressions and 2 breaths. Carry on with the BLS until the medical professionals arrive or the patients symptoms improve. Do not stop the BLS unless you are told to or a professional takes over. When medical help arrives you must give them a clear and true account of the symptoms the patient’s medical history and of any treatment that they may have received. The line manager must be given a report on the circumstances of the accident or injury stating clearly the names of all the people who were involved in the incident, what the cause of the accident was or what medical condition brought about the incident. The report must be clearly documented giving a true and detailed account of all that occurred and naming all of who was involved and how the incident or accident was dealt with and the outcome of the event. The report should be signed and dated. The importance of emergency first aid tasks to be carried out by qualified first aiders. The intention of First Aid is to aid a person with recovering from a suffered accident/medical condition. The act of First Aid is covered by the Health and Safety regulations and under your employees set of policies and procedures. The act of First Aid should be carried out to give the patient a better chance of recovery and reduce the possibility of further health problems. The only staff members that are allowed to carry out the act of First Aid are ones who have been legally and qualified. This is to stop the chance of any unqualified persons giving aid that could cause the patient harm and with less chance of recovery. This could lead to legal charges being brought against the company. In the case of a qualified person in First Aid having doubts about what action they need to give the patient they should not carry out aid and contact their manager with the intent of asking for help to what they should do. If they do not ask for help and guess what they need to do this could end in serious consciences for the patient. This is clearly set out by the companies Frame work and should be adhered to at all times. 4 Reducing the spread of infection 4.1 Routes by which an infection can get into the body. There are a variety of infections people can suffer from. The infections can enter the body come from four different ways. .Colds and other air born infections can enter the body in the respiratory tract go through the lungs. .Infection is also contracted through the skin. This could be from a sore or broken skin which allows the infection to break through the normally safe armour of the skin. .The digestive tract is the opening for infection to the stomach and bowels. This occurs when infected food or water is digested and this leads to stomach ache vomiting and diarrhoea. .The fourth entry of infection is through urinary and reproductive system. This is where the infection is contracted through the blood. .Infection is also carried through bodily fluids such as semen, saliva and the blood system. This can develop into sexually contracted disease and the AIDS virus. 4.2 Ways in which your own health or hygiene might pose a risk to an individual or others at work. It is important to keep yourself clean and tidy because if your own health and hygiene is left to deteriorate this can lead to the possibility of causing a risk to others. There are policies in the work place that are put into place to help with reducing the risk of infection. .Always wash hands before touching and preparing food. .After using the toilet wash hands thourally. .Cover your mouth when coughing and look away from others to prevent the spread of infection. .When changing or applying plasters always wash your hands. .Always throw away used tissues properly. .Protect yourself with the PPE provided. .If unwell stay away from work to help with stopping the spread of infection. In the health and social care environment employees must be always well enough to perform their work safely. This is to maintain a high standard of health and safety which reduces the risks of patients and others being susceptible to infections. The work places set policies must be always followed to provide good practice. If you or family members are unwell and you are unsure of whether you will pose a risk to others you must consulate with your own doctor about going to work. Most practices have the guideline of not returning to work if unwell until you have being ill for 48 hours. Because some infections can be carried in the body for weeks your employer can request that you take further investigations from medical professionals to confirm you no longer cause a risk of infection too patients or other staff members. PPE with self-protection amongst the staff members and clients is important to reduce them contracting illness and infections. They must ensure no possible infected materials and their own personal health is left or ignored to make the working environment is as infection free as possible and others are not put at risk. The most thorough method of hand washing. Hand washing i probably the most common of all of the hygienic operations in the care work place. Even when gloves have been worn this should not stop you from washing your hands. This is due to possible contamination when  removing them or maybe tearing of the gloves may occur in the process of possible contamination. The technique of hand washing and engraining the act of hand washing is important to keep your hands with a high level of cleanliness. Particular attention to the back of your hands and finger tips as these areas are mostly missed. You should wet your hands first and then lather with soap. You may need to use a specialist type of soap if your hands are particularly dirty. This type of cleaning requires you to apply the soap first and then proceed with the hand washing taking care to follow the manufactures instructions. To ensure the stopping of passing on infections you should follow the steps of hand washing after you have wet your hands- 1. Rub your palms together 2. With your finger entwined rub back of hands. 3. Then with fingers still entwined rub palms of hands. 4. With fingers locked together rub the back of your fingers against your opposite palms. 5. Rotate your thumbs and rub the back of them within your palms. 6. Keep rubbing your fingers against your palm whilst turning your hands back and forward. To dry your hands thoroughly you must use a clean towel or disposable paper which you must wash or throw away to reduce to spread of infection and never reuse. 4.4When different types of personal protective equipment should be used;- The (PPE) which stands for Personal Protective Equipment refers to the clothing and equipment that is provided to reduce the possibility of the spread of infections. It is the duty of your employer to provide these items to ensure yours and others health and safety is never put at risk. You must follow their health and safety policies as set by your employers. If you ignore the health and safety policies and do not use or wear the provided garments you will be in breach of the health and safety laws that have been set for your own benefit and others. If somebody is dealing with the risk of infection through bodily fluids or maybe using cleaning fluids you must wear disposable gloves. The gloves should fit the person and not hang off your hands as this will hamper the safety of how you do your job. Never reuse these gloves or touch areas that could be contaminated and then your client as this will put at risk of infection. You must discard the gloves correctly  after use and then wash your hands thoroughly. Support workers should be aware that some people are allergic to the latex which is what the gloves are made from or maybe they themselves could suffer from allergies from these gloves. If this is the case their employers will supply them gloves made from a different material. If you are in a procedure that could lead to have some form of bodily fluids splash onto you, you are required to wear the plastic disposable apron that will be provided. Remember that you need to be aware of your hand hygiene when removing the apron as this could result in a contamination of the health and safety process. You must dispose of the disposable gloves and aprons correctly when you have finished with them; this should be in the provided clinical waste bin that is provided. When handling food the apron that is provided will be a washable one that can be used again when washed.

Walmart Management Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Walmart Management Problems - Essay Example This creates the room for misjudging competitors and harming the relationship that the retailer will have with local suppliers. This is not the only problem that Wal-Mart faces the other problems include unions, low wages, sex discrimination, and others that have tarnished the name of the store. Wal-Mart Management Problems Looking at the last two decades will show how the global economy has gone through a radical transformation. Despite the fact that there are different geographic locations around the world separated by oceans and seas, improvement in technology has made the distance shrink completely. Some of the technological innovations that have made this possible are airplanes, satellite broadcasting, computers, fax machines, internet, and others. Technology has made it possible for business to expand internationally and get different suppliers from different parts of the world. Many people will talk about globalization and it simply refers to the worldwide economic activities of free flow of services, goods, knowledge, capital, competition, and open markets. Through globalization, global companies have been able to establish themselves in local markets while local companies have been able to go global. ... This is because it already has stores in Asia, Europe, and South America. Its expansion efforts are still on, as it has plans of putting up more stores both domestically and internationally (About Wal-Mart, 2001). The fact that the store is number one in the US does not guarantee it will be number one in the other countries. This is because of the challenges that lie ahead with the regulations of the country where it will be opening its stores and the local supplier’s willingness to supply the store with products. The culture adopted in the region will tell a lot if the store will be able to achieve its objective of being in business while offering customers with quality products and services. Despite globalization being good news for businesses, it has made competition to increase with the increase in number of competitors. The fact that everyone is currently concerned with the environment and looks for all possible means in which they can conserve the environment makes envir onment friendly businesses have an upper hand in dominating the market. Customers will be attracted to companies that are out to protect our environment that is already destroyed rather than companies that are out to see complete destruction of the little beauty left in our environment. Going green will help in ensuring that you have constant market for your goods and services. The Wal-Mart Culture (2004) explains Wal-Marts three basic beliefs and rules that makes the store different from its competitors. However, Gilman (2004), Jones (1998), and Menzer (2001) give the reasons for the rate at which Wal-Mart is expanding in to the international market. They have a strong belief that Wal-Mart will dominate the US market in the future. A number of

Child Labor and the Global Village Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child Labor and the Global Village - Essay Example CLGV also recognize the argument of some social scientists that not all work is harmful for children. Some works, according to these thinkers are unobjectionable like when a child delivers newspapers before going to school. According to CLGV, child labor is "work for children that harms them or exploits them in some way." The harm can be bestowed physically, mentally, morally, as well as block access to the basic right to education. The organization also concede the fact the there is no universally accepted definition of child labor and that various definitions are utilized by international organizations, non-governmental organizations, trade unions and interest groups. CLGV also elaborates child labor by delineating a child as someone who is under 18 years of age (Images of Child Labor). CLGV also recognize the argument of some social scientists that not all work is harmful for children. Some works, according to these thinkers are unobjectionable like when a child delivers newspaper s before going to school.

Mini Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mini Project - Term Paper Example The paper points two uses of graphs that are reflected in one of the business periodicals and their effectiveness. First, an article from the Wall Street Journal dated 1st April that was written by Prince Marcelo reflected on the amount of gas and oil that comes from fracking in US. The graph points the trend of oil fracking as compared to the total oil and gas production from 2005 to 2015. Prince, (2015) makes use of a line graph to present the information that clearly shows that energy production from oil and gases has been increasing annually, same as the energy from fracking. The above graph is effective tool in revealing the current issue in the energy sector within the use of fracking technology. The black shaded area depicts the fracking amounts while the red one shows the total amounts of oil and gas production in US. It is clear that fracking has contributed to a larger percentage of both gas and oil production as opposed to the other sources of these two energy platforms. Additionally, the graph depicts the amounts (in estimate) of oil and gas every year, as well as, the periods that the trends revealed a sharp decrease or increase. Nevertheless, the difference or the ratio of the fracking to the total amounts can be easily calculated from the graph. Lastly, the mean or averages of the fracking amounts can be easily calculated; therefore, the graph shows the descriptive statistics for the data that can be highlighted without any struggle. Another graph reflects the US quarterly GDP growth from 2012 to 2016. The article was posted by the Fed on 1st May 2015 and has forecasted the GDP growth rate of the US economy from 2012 to 2016. It shows the past GDP growth rates from 2012, the current rates and from these rates Fed can forecast the growth rates for the last quarter of 2015 and 2016. Therefore, the bar graph is effective tool that can be used in forecasting data for future use. This

Russia and China Economic Transitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Russia and China Economic Transitions - Essay Example The government also makes all the decisions about the use of income and how it will be distributed in the economy. In planned economy, the production, distribution and, most importantly, the pricing and investment decisions are made arbitrarily by the government. It usually employs a fixed price system and a monopoly market structure because all the major economic players are owned and controlled by the government. The proponents of this economic model argue that the government is better placed to know, and hence take care of the particular needs of its people. The free economy occupies the other end of the spectrum; the direct opposite of the planned or controlled economy. Here the economy is based on the division of labor. The prices of goods and services are set by the interaction of the market forces of demand and supply. The intersection of the demand and supply curves provides the optimum price and quantity. The proponents of this model argue that it gives the consumers the lib erty to choose what they want provided and in what quantity. The competitiveness of the market also ensures that the firms in the industry benefit by making reasonable profits that can be sustained by the market. The Mixed economy market is a blend of the planned and the free liberalized economies. It allows the prices to be set by the interaction of the forces of demand and supply but the government reserves the right to control some economic sectors that are too crucial for the country’s development. These sectors include the transport, energy and the health care sectors among others.

Interpersonal communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Interpersonal communication - Essay Example In the given scenario there is an interpersonal communication happening between a supervisor and two employees. In the discussion, the participants are professionals working in an advertising agency where Marie is placed as a director, Steve and Jane are working as a manager, and Paul is a part of a different department. The verbal exchange between the three persons i.e. Marie, Jane and Steve is a part of the interpersonal communication. The discussion starts with a pleasant morning exchange of greetings at the office between Marie and Jane. Jane who is a manager, wanted to discuss about a competitor firm and their poaching of a developmental director. Jane thought it to be a positive step for the competitor firm. Jane proposed to get them as their potential client to make a positive impact on their own business. Jane also proposed to get the company as their new agent. Here, in the conversation the ‘Politeness Theory’, proposed by Goffman, is being used. The theory is called as the theory of face, as it explores the communication among power relations, social distance relations; solidarity and also the seriousness that is required for the issue in discussion are evident in the conversation (Holmes & Stubbe, â€Å"Doing Disagreement at Work a sociolinguistic Approach†). In the discussion, there is a disagreement evident to the proposal of Jane from Marie’s end. As Marie observes that Jane already has other important business dealings in hand so she would not be able to take risk of letting Jane go ahead with the proposed deal. So, there is a disagreement between the director and the subordinate. Jane did agree to Marie’s concern but showed Marie some recent statistics and also showed very able persuasion and negotiation skills to convince Marie to let her go ahead with the proposal. Marie thought of assigning the task that Jane had, to Steve, another manager in the advertising agency.

The Role of New Media Technologies in the Promotion Research Proposal

The Role of New Media Technologies in the Promotion - Research Proposal Example It is the evolutionary break between the world before the internet and the world that has emerged since its proliferation. The way in which humans now communicate has had an elementary shift. Communication is accomplished through writing, verbalizing or through interpretation of imagery. Communication is codified with signals that indicate the context for the content. The impersonal nature of internet communication has been compensated for by the development of social languages that are in many ways kinder and friendlier than in previous forms of more formal communication. Therefore, the nature of how emotion is indicated in written language has become symbolized through pictorials, shortened references such as lol, meaning laugh out loud, and the use of capital letters or small letters. Furthermore, because of the heavy use of advertising, the way in which movement of digital imagery and impact of color usage has been defined has changed elements of the way in which humans respond t o what they see (Lievrouw and Livingstone 2006, p. 37).  It is the evolutionary break between the world before the internet and the world that has emerged since its proliferation. The way in which humans now communicate has had an elementary shift. Communication is accomplished through writing, verbalizing or through interpretation of imagery. Communication is codified with signals that indicate the context for the content. The impersonal nature of internet communication has been compensated for by the development of social languages that are in many ways kinder and friendlier than in previous forms of more formal communication. Therefore, the nature of how emotion is indicated in written language has become symbolized through pictorials, shortened references such as lol, meaning laugh out loud, and the use of capital letters or small letters. Furthermore, because of the heavy use of advertising, the way in which movement of digital imagery and impact of color usage has been defin ed has changed elements of the way in which humans respond to what they see (Lievrouw and Livingstone 2006, p. 37).   The use of a window display is the first step of VM (visual marketing). In creating a window that has an allure to the shopper, the shop is creating a marketing dialogue with the potential buyer. The window, through the use of the media of interior design, art, and visual communication, sustains a communication with the consumer in providing information about seasonal changes and the point of view of the collection within the store. The use of strategic communication addresses the brand of the store while the tactical communication is defined by the changes of seasons as interpreted by the collection and the promotions that are time specific (Bhalla, Swati, and Anuraag 2010, p. 145). Through the use of a well-designed window, a shop can help a shopper understand what to expect once inside the door as well as attract them into the outlet.  

E-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

E-commerce - Essay Example Users of internet-enabled mobile phones have higher chances of picking up more sales conveniently and ensure continuous contact with customers. First, participants have to check their current e-commerce sites on mobile devices. Checking site means going through all possible paths by conducting product purchase, testing a coupon code, verifying the zoom and pop out of a product (Oestges, 2011). Finally repeat checking to all mobile browsers such as goggle chrome and opera. A sensitive design is a web layout that is flexible for different devices such as laptops, smartphones and tablets. A web developer tweaks a web code and start up the process of designing. It is advisable to constantly monitor buttons, forms and all possible interactive elements to maximize interactions with mobile phone users. Usually, a constant checkout process gives more sales. Post the company’s profile and the product on the website. A welcoming phrase is highly appropriate. For example, one would say; ‘welcome to a new luxury fashion shop with amazing products that meet all customers’ taste and preferences’. You can make posts like; do you ever buy online with your phone? Why or why not? Wake up any store using your own mobile phone, ‘your fashion-your pride’. Some interesting adverts would carry the day across the world major communication platforms. Some adverts such as â€Å"The world faces a parading shift in business; today the world is marveling to enjoy the first ever easiest trading in the luxurious fashion† design over Mobile phone devices would enhance the establishment of the business in e-commerce. Some would read like, â€Å"enjoy luxurious fashion wear at your comfort; you only need to click on your mobile phone buttons to enjoy marvelous services.† You can make a subdomain and redirect anyone on a mobile device to your websites. For example, a site like hi-luxuryfashion.com can build a mobile website that resides in

Film and Popular Cinema Essay Example for Free

Film and Popular Cinema Essay After reading this week’s assignment and researching different types of film and popular cinema, I have realized some of the differences between the two. I always thought they were the same thing but found that to be far from the truth. Film is a way of putting art into motion. I viewed several pieces on different websites, in particular, on YouTube. I watched one called White Noise. It had no plot or storyline, but showed very interesting art concepts and pieces. Many artists made work addressing social, sexual and racial issues, renewing links with what survived of the ‘community video’ movement of the 1970s. By 1990 video installations had featured in several large international exhibitions and were a familiar presence in galleries and museums, assuming fresh authority through the work of such artists as Gary Hill and Marie-Jo Lafontaine. Read more:  Philippine Cinema Analysis Essay Artists making single-screen work exhibited increasingly on television, and the medium of video was merging with that of the computer. Film, no longer novel nor wholly dependent on a gallery context, had become part of an increasingly elaborate network of electronic communication (Mick Hartney, 2009). Popular cinema is designed around selling tickets and making money at the expense of catering to the demands of global audiences. An example of popular cinema is any of the Twilight movies. They are movies produced from the novels written by Stephanie Meyer. The first movie was a huge success, making audience demand for a sequel a high priority of the producers and distribution companies. The same result came of the sequel and they made the third. Originally, the deal was to make a movie for each book, but if the movies did not succeed in the box office the projects would have been terminated. As, a matter of fact, it is so successful that the last movie based on the last book has been split in half to make two more subsequent movies instead of one. I find myself appreciating both of these forms of art. I have opened up when it comes to  the appreciation of art because I have learned the subtle, and some not so subtle differences between different art forms. References Hartney, M. (2009). Video Art. Retrieved from http://www.moma.org/collection/details.php?theme_id=10215 Sayre, H. M. (2010). A World of Art (6th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Participatory Action Research Essay Example for Free

Participatory Action Research Essay The youth group was started in 2004 after the youths realized something was going wrong in the community and they were the right people to rectify the situation. They then came together and registered with the Ministry of Culture and Social Services Youth Affairs. It’s a non-profit making organization whose purpose is to address the needs of the youths and to improve the living standards of the community. The group brings together youths of both genders and has no ethnic or racial barriers as it believes youths from whatever background experience the same problems and must come together in order to solve them. Majority of the youths are trained in various fields of education and so it’s a pool of educated young men and women committed to be difference makers in other people’s lives. Currently the group has thirty five fully registered and active members but there is room for more members to join them. Since its formation, the group has provided their voluntary services beyond area of operation to improve the well being of the community. Their areas of activities include youths and community mobilization and awareness on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), guidance and counseling services, education on income generating activities, youth and community education on alcohol and drug abuse, education on leadership and administration, planning and accountability, tree planting exercise and offering voluntary services for the well being of the community. The group is seeking to address the most pressing needs that are affecting them and the community where they are living. These pressing need collaborative efforts as they cannot be solved by the community alone as they need technical expertise and some substantial funding. These needs were prioritized according to their impact in the community and they include; the high unemployment rate among the youth, gender disparity due to the culture, and idleness among the youths leading to irresponsible youth behavior, high infection rate of AIDS and other venereal diseases, drug abuse, poor farming methods leading to food insecurity and afforestation problem.. The members agreed that they had the brains, knowledge and skills and if put together and shared will bring a big change among the group members, other youths and the community at large. Though they have had challenges especially from the elderly community members when discussing on sexual issues, the group is committed to continue working until they have attained their set objectives. Their services to the community have effected some positive changes, which have commended by the community members. The group also works with other major stakeholders who have been helpful to the group in terms of training and financial support. These include the Community Based Organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations, Religious Organizations, Society and the Government to improve the living standards of the community. These stakeholders have been very helpful to the youth group because they have been offering training without charging them any fee, giving the youths some incentives as well as the community and funding their projects at some level. They have been able to work with the group since it was started and have promised they will continue working with them as long as keep the agreement with them. The possible research question that could be answered if the researcher collaboratively worked the major stakeholders is to find out whether their input into the group has had and positive impact to the youth group and to the community. This research question will be a guide to getting some critical information which will be used by the group to improve on the areas that they are not performing well (The research question could be as follows; What has been your input to the group and has it had any impact to the group and to the society? ) The benefits of doing the work the researcher is proposing is that it could again help the group to be able to identify their weakness and then find out solutions for them. It will also open another door for them to meet other partners through the researcher who will pump in some more useful input to the group. Through their interaction with them some critical issues may rise which could not have been solved, but it will be an opportunity to solve them. In one way the group could be advertising or selling itself and what they are undertaking through these formal discussions as the contents of the discussions will be published somewhere, which will get some support for the group. This could be beneficial to the group and to the researcher as he/she will be able to learn more about how groups work. As concerns to the ethical issues, the protocol has to be followed and the group has to be consulted first before anything happens. There should be respect for the group and any information about the group should be kept secret as it is. The researcher should make sure that he/she work within the guidelines of the group and should she/he need any information should follow the right channels but not go to public and tell the public about the group against their wishes References Luft, J (1984). An Introduction to Group Dynamics (3rd Edition). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Toseland, R Rivas, R. (2005) Introduction to Group Practice, Allyn Bacon. New York.

Risk Management in Childrens Play

Risk Management in Childrens Play Balanced Approach to Risk Management A risk is part of everyday life and it almost affects everyone in some form or the other. A risk is taken every day in order to sustain a better, healthy future. Therefore risk cannot be completely eliminated in any aspect of our society and so accepting that the possibility of even serious or life threatening injuries cannot be eliminated, however, it should be legally and lawfully managed. Risk should be acknowledged and controlled at a manageable level to benefit the potential opportunities we get in return. A balanced approach to managing risk is essential to structure our society. The concept of risk/benefit assessment should be a guide to achieve satisfaction. Playtime is essential and vital part of a childs life. Playtime directly affects a childs well-being and development. The Health Safety Executive (UK) acknowledges that No child will learn if they are wrapped in cotton wool (http://www.hse.gov.uk/entertainment/childrens-play-july-2012.pdf) Through playtime children develop different skills such as self-confidence, team building, and social skills in school. One of the key benefits of risk is; children of various age groups learn about risk themselves, mostly through outdoor play activities. A balanced approach to managing risk for providing childrens play opportunities and activities as well as the benefits they gain out of it should be carefully measured. Recognising the introduction of risk may form part of play opportunities. This enhances their experience to take responsibility for their own safety and well-being as they grow up. The National Travel Survey 2014 has confirmed that the most common mode of transport to school by children between the ages of 5-10 is by walking or car. 88% of children between the ages of 7-10 were accompanied by an adult and more than half of them agreed that road safety was their biggest concern; among other concerns. Whilst, a risk is part of life but accidents do not have to be; in most cases accidents can be easily avoided. A 2010 study by, The English Outdoor Council admits that On a typical school visit, the children who take part are at no greater risk of death than their schoolmates who have stayed behind. http://www.englishoutdoorcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/Nothing-Ventured.pdf In order to keep children safe, children must be taught systematically; pedestrian skills; road crossing, safe cycling and scooting from a very early age and should be linked predominantly between the ages of 7-10. Most primary schools have directly linked these activities to their curriculum. These skills will play a vital role in managing risk for the yr 6 Residential Visits, Outdoor School Activities, The benefits gained from these activities should be balanced against the hazard or risk it may have. In my school, we have an Adventure playground which is used by all pupils. However, KS1 is only allowed to use the Adventure playground occasionally as Marble treats for 15mins. KS2 uses the Adventure playground on rota basis every play time. The maximum children allowed to access the Adventure playground is approximately 30. Pupils are not allowed to access the playground on wet days, indoor play activities are organised. When pupils use the Adventure playground, the class teacher personally monitors the play area. A comprehensive site survey is carried out every term to manage risk. All children learn to use the adventure facilities in a different way. They all want to enjoy and play and reach specific targets. KS1 use the facilities and try out each activity at their own pace, whilst KS2 especially the 10/11 year old are stronger and reach their specific targets and goals at a faster pace. The experience they gain in the Adventure playground, without any adults interfering gain th em resilience and abilities as they learn to manage their own risk. Children with a specific disability would be monitored by a supervisor on a 1:1. Another activity in our school is Climb the Wall available only to yr 5/6. The activity itself is challenging and it builds pupils confidence; benefitting them with climbing movement, agility, balance and coordination, awareness of bodys centre gravity. A risk is assessed and managed by appropriate use of helmets, footwear, clothing, long hairs tied back, no jewellery, and pockets all emptied. The activity is strictly supervised by 1:1 ratio; 3 children allowed at a single time. Children with a specific disability would not be allowed to participate in this activity. One of the activity our school organises is a Residential trip only to year 6. Children experience various benefits, some of them are building personal confidence, team building activity, and developing social skills and exploring their strengths and weakness. The objectives and the outcome of this activity are well managed and measured in the trip. The risk is managed by the ratio of students to the teacher. This activity is not available to any other pupils in the school as the objectives and benefits are slim. Our school is aware of the health and safety risk to children. The school has tailored an exclusive Road Safety Education into their curriculum. Year 5 children are offered cycle training. This programme is facilitated by the East Riding Council and a group of 4/5 children are taken outside the school with their cycles and helmets and trained to use a cycle safely. The risk is assessed and managed by the school as well as the ERC. Children who pass this training are allowed to cycle to school independently. A pedestrian skill programme is arranged for yr 4, personally organised by the ERC and Scoot the Route is offered to year 3. Children in Yr 6 experience a Bus Aware programme which will benefit them before they go to the secondary school. Reference NA. (2012). CHILDRENS PLAY AND LEISURE PROMOTING A BALANCED APPROACH . Available: http:// http://www.hse.gov.uk/entertainment/childrens-play-july-2012.pdf . Last accessed 12/02/14. Jill T. (NA). Nothing Ventured. Available:http://www.englishoutdoorcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/Nothing-Ventured.pdf Last accessed 14/2/17.

PRO-CHOICE VS. PRO-REGULATION: WHAT TERMS DESCRIBE THE CONFLICT AND WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS FOR THE DISCUSSION? :: Essays Papers

PRO-CHOICE VS. PRO-REGULATION: WHAT TERMS DESCRIBE THE CONFLICT AND WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS FOR THE DISCUSSION? Pro-life. Pro-choice. The two self-chosen terms for the respective sides of the struggle do not provide an equal playing field. Which side will a casual observer of the debate (especially a young one) identify with? There is, of course, no contest. No one wants to claim to be anti-life. The term â€Å"pro-life† shuts down discussion, pulling the issue out of a disagreement between two competing value systems by seizing the moral high ground. The name implies that there is only one life here, that of the fetus, and we are defending it. There is, of course, an equally compelling case to be made that the true pro-lifers are the ones who support the life of the female – the living being, rather than the potential one. Women will need abortions, legal or illegal, and if we once again outlaw them, many will once again die from unsafe procedures. That was the reality in the United States before Roe v. Wade. What about the lives of the children who grow up without a mother, their mothers having died from unsafe abortions? What about the cases where women will die if forced to carry a fetus to birth? In these cases, pro-life is clearly on the side of reproductive rights. â€Å"Pro-life† can as easily mean reproductive rights as it can mean anti-choice. However, if one side claims the pro-life position, it denies the moral legitimacy of the opposing position. The conflict of values is strikingly similar to that waged over the issue of slavery. Difficult as it may be today to imagine a moral case being made for slavery, that in fact was the moral position in the 1830’s. Similarly seizing the moral high ground, the pro-slavery advocates declared themselves to be on the side of God, the law and public opinion. Anti-slavery opponents were labeled Godless, man-stealing destroyers of the social order. Ministers of all denominations, North and South, justified slavery on the grounds that it was a God-given institution. Their proof was the Bible, as one Southern minister asserted: The same God who gave Abraham sunshine, air, rain earth, flocks, herds, silver and gold blessed him with a donative of slaves. Here we see God dealing in slaves, giving them to his favorite child, - a man of superlative worth, and as a reward for his eminent goodness.

Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide :: Death Medical Medicine Essays

Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide To die or not to die, that is not the question if you've been diagnosed with a terminal disease in America. The question is how. Should you be forced to suffer all the pain the disease brings, or should your doctor be able to legally help you die in a peaceful, painless way? That is the question that the Supreme Court, religious groups, physicians, and many others are trying to answer. The problem is that it doesn't have a clear answer. Oncologist Ezekiel Emanuel (1997) addresses the issues of physician-assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia and explains why Americans ought to think twice before legalizing physician-assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia. He begins by explaining the difference between the two methods. Physician-assisted suicide is when the doctor gives you the means, such as drugs, which you administer yourself. Voluntary euthanasia, however, is when the doctor actually performs the fatal procedure after the patient has confirmed his/her wish to die. (1) Following this explanation, Ezekiel uses historical references, cites court cases, scientific studies, and case studies from other countries to support his position. He also maintains that there are four myths that have been perpetuated which imply the following: 1) The issue of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide is relatively new, born from technological advances. 2) There is strong support for physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia . 3) Patients in the most extreme pain are the most interested in physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia. 4) Euthanasia practices in the Netherlands prove that physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia will not get out of control here in America. (2-4) Emanuel dispels these myths one by one. In response to myth #1, he quotes the Hippocratic oath, which specifically opposes euthanasia. Emanuel claims that euthanasia was often provided at the time that the Oath was written. He dates the beginnings of the euthanasia debate in America back to 1870, and presents historical facts to support his response. (2) Regarding myth #2, Emanuel blames "vague" poll questions for those which show that the majority of Americans support physician-assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia. Research, which he cites, has shown that support for these practices does decrease when patients aren't described as terminally ill and experiencing constant, intense pain. (3) Studies in both the Netherlands and Washington state are used to refute myth #3. Both report that the minority of people who request euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide are actually requesting it due to severe, unrelenting pain.

Addressing Safety in Home Care Essay -- Health Care, Registered Nurses

A universal aspiration for all Registered Nurses (RN) and workplace environments is to create a safe atmosphere for both the client and employees. The RN has an obligation to ensure, â€Å"a culture of safety by using established occupational health and safety practices, and other safety measures to protect client, self and colleagues from injury or potentially abusive situations† (Saskatchewan Registered Nurses’ Association, 2007, p. 11). This competency guides RN’s to provide and advocate safe practice environments. Thus, the issue this paper will discuss is Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S). The population being focused on is home care, which is, â€Å"care provided to patients in their homes to restore their functional capacity, to allow them to manage their care independently, and to enable them to remain safely in the community† (Panasci, 2009, p.190). The writer received consent from the Home Support Team Manager from the Prince Albert Park land Health Region (PAPHR) who will be referred to as O.S. By conducting an interview in conjunction with O.S, the writer gained insight into the manager’s role, challenges, and ensuring OH&S practices. For the all-inclusive interview refer to Appendix A. This paper will depict the essence of OH&S, the manager and writer’s approaches and strategies to resolving the challenges. Management Challenge The challenge that was the focus of the interview was OH&S in a home care environment and the difficulties associated with the implementation of minimizing occupational hazards. OH&S prevents and protects employees from workplace hazards (Chadwick & Doyle, 2008). The six types of health and safety hazards are biological, chemical, ergonomic, physical, psychosocial, and safety (Chadwick &... ...hem and if they decide not to use them, the manager could give a verbal warning for the first incident and for the second incident, give a written warning. The manager could also use this tactic with rock salt or kitty litter (Fox, 2011). Conclusion The goal of maintaining a safe environment for both the workers and clients in home care is key. This goal is a constant issue in home care; with the most significant hazards indentified are violence and environmental hazards that were addressed. O.S’s management philosophy was par with what literature was explaining. The writer explains how having a constant evaluatory tool may help with maintaining a safe environment for both client and staff. Most importantly, one of the nursing values and ethical responsibilities is, â€Å"providing safe, compassionate, competent and ethical care† (Code of Ethics, 2008, p. 8).

Current & Non Current Assets

INVENTORY – PERIODIC INVENTORY SYSTEM In a Periodic Inventory System, no effort is made to keep up – to – date records of either the inventory or the cost of goods sold. Instead, these amounts are determined only periodically __ usually at the end of each year. It is used by very small businesses having manual accounting systems. Questions 1 – 3 (Meigns & Meigns), Question 4 (Fess & Warren) Question 1:- Mach IV Audio uses periodic inventory system. One of the store’s most popular products is a minidisc car stereo system. The inventory quantities, purchases, and sales of this product for the most recent year are as follows: Number of units| Cost per unit| Total Cost| Inventory – Jan 01| 10| Rs. 299| Rs. 2990| Purchases – May 12| 15| 306| 4590| Purchases – July 09| 20| 308| 6160| Purchases – Oct 04| 8| 315| 2520| Purchases – Dec – 18| 19| 320| 6080| Goods available for sale| 72| | Rs. 22340| Units sold during the year| 51| | | Inventory| 21| | | Instructions: Compute the cost of December 31 inventory and the cost of goods sold for the above mentioned product under each of the following cost flow assumptions: a.First-in, first-out b. Last-in, first-out c. Average cost (round to the nearest rupee, except unit cost) Question 2: – Same three inventory valuation methods under periodic inventory system | Number of units| Cost per unit| Total Cost| Inventory – Jan 01| 9| Rs. 3. 00| Rs. 27. 00| Purchases 1| 12| 3. 50| 42. 00| Purchases 2| 30| 3. 80| 114. 00| Purchases 3| 40| 4. 00| 160. 00| Purchases 4| 19| 5. 00| 95. 00| Goods available for sale| 110| | Rs. 438. 00| Units sold during the year| | | | Inventory – Dec 31| 20| | |Question 3: – Same three inventory valuation methods under periodic inventory system | Number of units| Cost per unit| Total Cost| Beginning Inventory | 10| Rs. 80| Rs. 800| First Purchases (Mar. 1)| 5| 90| 450| Second Purchases (July 1) | 5| 10 0| 500| Third Purchases (Oct. 1) | 5| 120| 600| Fourth Purchases (Dec. 1) | 5| 130| 650| Goods available for sale| 30| | Rs. 3,000| Units in ending inventory| 12| | | Units sold| 18| | | Question 4: – Stewart Co. ’s beginning inventory and purchases during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2012, were as follows: | | Units| Unit Cost Rs. Total Cost Rs. | April 01, 2011| Inventory| 1,000| 50. 00| 50,000| April 10, 2011| Purchases| 1,200| 52. 50| 63,000| May 30, 2011| Purchases| 800| 55. 00| 44,000| Aug 26, 2011| Purchases| 2,000| 56. 00| 112,000| Oct. 15, 2011| Purchases| 1,500| 57. 00| 85,500| Dec. 31, 2011| Purchases| 700| 58. 00| 40,600| Jan. 18, 2012| Purchases| 1,350| 60. 00| 81,000| March 21, 2012| Purchases| 450| 62. 00| 27,900| Total| | 9,000| | 504,000| Stewart Co. uses the periodic inventory system, and there are 3,200 units of inventory on March 31, 2012.Determine the cost of ending inventory using the three costing methods. Practice Question (Fees & Warren) Exe r. 10-3 Page 366| Exer. 10-4 Page 366| Prob. 10-3A Pg. 369| Prob. 10-3B Pg 374| INVENTORY – PERPETUAL INVENTORY SYSTEM In a Perpetual Inventory system, merchandising transactions are recorded immediately as they occur. The system draws its name from the fact that the accounting records are kept perpetually up – to – date. This system is very easy to use. It is cost effective, & thus widely used because of the growing use of computerized accounting.Question 1: – World Class Grocery Wholesalers performed the following transactions, all on credit, and all related to a particular chocolate bar. July 01 Beginning Inventory 23 units of Rs. 4 each. July 02 Purchased 57 units of Rs. 5 each. 12 Purchased 51 units of Rs. 8 each. 13 Sold 60 units for Rs. 12 each. 18 Sold 20 units for Rs. 12 each. 22 Purchased 26 units of Rs. 9 each. 26 Sold 18 packs for Rs. 15 each. Instructions for Questions 1, 2 & 3: – a) Prepare the Inventory Subsidiary Ledger and, b) Give the journal entries to record the Purchases, the Cost Goods Sold and the Sales assuming that the wholesalers uses . First-in, First-out Method (FIFO) 2. Last-in, First-out Method (LIFO) 3. Average Cost Method Question 2: – Sohail Books deals with school books. This question is related to Credit purchases and sales of Urdu Qaida for class 1. March 04 Purchased 100 copies for Rs. 12 each. 11 Sold 35 copies for Rs. 17. 18 Purchased 80 copies for Rs. 13 each. 19 Sold 40 copies for Rs. 19 each. 27 Sold 41 copies for Rs. 20 each. Question 3: – Noman Company Inventory & Sales Data Month Ended January 31, 2010 Date| Description| Units| Unit Cost Rs. | Date| Des| Units | Unit Cost Rs. Jan 01 12 15 18 | Beg. InventoryPurchasesSalesPurchases | 50 100 50 200 | 1. 00 1. 50 2. 00 | Jan 20 22 27 30| PurchasesSalesPurchasesSales| 100150 50 80| 2. 50 4. 00| Practice Question (Fees & Warren) Exer. 10-5 Page 366| Exer. 10. 6 Page 366| Prob. 10-4A Pg. 369| Prob. 10-4B Pg 374| Practice Qu estion (Meigs & Meigs – 13th Edition) Exer. 8. 2 Page 351| Prob. 8. 1 Page 356| Prob. 8. 2 Page 356| _____________________________ Perpetual Inventory SystemInventory Subsidiary Ledger ( ) Date| Purchased| Sold| Balance| | Units| UnitCost Rs. | TotalCostRs. | Units| Unit CostRs. | TotalCostRs. | Units| UnitCostRs. | TotalCostRs. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 (Photocopies) of this page, if you don’t want to make this format 6 times in your register SUMMARY OF THE JOURNAL ENTRIES MADE IN PERPETUAL AND PERIODIC INVENTORY SYSTEM Event| Perpetual Inv. System| Periodic Inv.System| Purchasing inventory| Inventory Accounts Payable (or Cash)To record the purchase of inventory| Purchases Accounts Payable (or Cash)To record the purchase of inventory| Sale of Inventory| Accounts Receivable (or Cash) SalesTo record the sale of inventoryCost of Goods Sold InventoryTo upd ate Cost of Goods sold and inventory accounts| Accounts Receivable (or Cash) SalesTo record the sale of inventory(In the periodic inventory system, no entry is made at the time of sales to update Cost of Goods sold and inventory accounts. | Settlement of A/Payable to suppliers| Accounts Payable CashTo record payment for inventory purchased on credit| Accounts Payable CashTo record payment for inventory purchased on credit| Collection from credit customers| Cash Accounts ReceivableTo record cash collection from credit customers. | Cash Accounts ReceivableTo record cash collection from credit customers. | Income Statement of a Service Business: – Revenue – Expenses = Net Income Income Statement of a Merchandising Business Delta TradersIncome Statement For the year ended December 31, 2011 Sales Rs. 6, 000 Less: Sales Returns 1, 000 Net Sales 5, 000 Less: Cost of Goods Sold 1, 150 Gross Profit 3, 850 Less: Operating Expenses Salaries Expense Rs. 00 Utility Expense 100 Depr eciation Expense – machine 50 650 Net Income 3, 200 HOW TO CALCULATE COST OF GOODS SOLD Inventory – Jan 01 ————————-Add: Purchases ———————— Carriage Inwards —————-Less: Purchases Returns —————- Purchases Discount —————- Net Purchases ———————Cost of goods available for sale ——–Less: Inventory – Dec 31Cost of Goods Sold| 55050| Rs. 00 (100)(50)| Rs. 10004501450(300)1150| Questions 1 & 2 The data of two questions is given below. Prepare a Trading Account for the year ended Dec 31 Sales| Rs. 10, 600| | Sales| Rs. 210, 420| Sales Returns| 1, 200| | Sales Returns| 4, 900| Inventory – Jan 01| 5, 000| | Inventory – Jan 01| 9, 410| Purchases| 3, 500| | Purchases| 108, 680| Ca rriage Inwards| 500| | Carriage Inwards| 840| Purchases Returns| 400| | Purchases Returns| 3, 020| Purchases Discount| 200| | Purchases Discount| 700|Inventory – Dec 31| 2, 500| | Inventory – Dec 31| 11, 290| FORMATS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Delta Traders Income Statement For the year ended December 31, 2011 | Rs. | Rs. | Rs. | Sales | | 6, 000| | Less: Sales Returns | 700| | | Sales Discount| 300| 1, 000| | Net Sales | | | 5, 000| LESS : COST OF GOODS SOLD| | | | Inventory – Jan 01| | 1, 000| |Add: Purchases| 550| | | Carriage Inwards| 50| | | | 600| | | Less: Purchases Returns| (100)| | | Purchases Discount| (50)| | | Net Purchases| | 450| | Cost of goods available for sale| | 1, 450| | Less: Inventory – Dec 31| | (300)| 1, 150| Gross Profit| | | 3, 850| Less : Operating Expenses| | | | Salaries Expense| | 500| | Utilities Expense| | 100| | Depreciation Expense – machine| | 50| 650| Net Profit| | | 3, 200| | | | | | Delta Traders Statement of Fina ncial Position December 31, 2011AssetsCurrent Assets Cash ————————– Accounts Receivable ————- Repair Revenue Receivable ——- Inventory ————————- Supplies ————————- Prepaid Insurance —————- Total Current Assets ———–Plant Assets Land ——————————— Shop ——————————— Less: Accumulated Depreciation Machine ————————–Less: Accumulated Depreciation Total Plant Assets ————-TOTAL ASSETS ——————Liabilities & Owner’s EquityLiabilities A ccounts Payable —————- Unearned Repair Revenue ——- Total Liabilities —————Owner’s Equity Capital (Dec 31, 2011) ———— TOTAL LIABILITIES & OWNER’S EQUITY ——- | Rs. ——————————————————————————————————– ————— 5,000 2,700 3,000 1,400———————————————————————————————————| Rs. 3,700 1,000 800 300 500 1,300————- 1 0,000 2,300 1,600————————–3,2004,440 ————————————| Rs. 7, 60013,90021,500 7,640 13,860 21,500| Question 1:- The following trial balance was extracted from the books of F. Bell on December 31, 2011. Draw up his Income Statement for the year ended December 31, 2011, and a Balance Sheet as at that date Debit Rs. | Credit Rs. | Sales| | 210, 420| Purchases| 108, 680| | Inventory: Jan 1, 2011| 9, 410| | Carriage Outwards| 1, 115| | Carriage Inwards| 840| | Return Inwards| 4, 900| | Return Outwards| | 3, 720| Salaries & Wages Expense| 41, 800| | Fuel Expense| 912| | Rent Expense| 6, 800| | General Expenses| 318| | Motor Vehicle| 14, 400| | Allowance for Depreciation – motor vehicle| | 520| Fixtures & Fittings| 912| | Accounts Receivable| 23, 200| | Accounts Payable| | 13, 580| Cash| 24, 780| | Drawings| 9, 000| | Capital| | 18, 827| | 24 7, 067| 247, 067| Inventory at December 31, 2011 was Rs. 11, 290 NON – CURRENT ASSETS 1. TANGIBLE ASSETSPlant assets / Property, Plant & Equipment / Fixed Assets / Non Current Assets FIRST STAGE: – AQUISATION OF PLANT ASSETS Question 1: – Wilmet College recently purchased new computing equipment for its library. The following information refers to the purchase and installation of this equipment: 1. The list price of the equipment was $275, 000; however, Wilmet College qualified for an education discount of 25, 000. 2. Wilmet paid sales tax of $15, 000 at the date of purchase. 3. Freight charges for delivery of the equipment totaled $1, 000. 4. Installation costs related to the equipment amounted to $5, 000. 5. During installation, one of the computer terminals was accidentally damaged by a library employee. It cost the college $300 to repair this damage. 6.As soon as the computers were installed, the college paid $4, 000 to print admission brochures, featuring t he library’s new, state-of-the-art computing facilities. Instructions: – a. Compute the total cost debited to the college’s Computing Equipment account. b. Prepare a journal entry at the end of the current year to record depreciation on the computing equipment. Wilmet College will depreciate this equipment by the straight line method (half-year convention) over an estimated useful life of 5 years. Assume a zero residual value. (Meigs & Meigs – Problem 9. 1 / Page 402 For Practice: – Fees & Warren – Exercise 11-1 / Page 404 SECOND STAGE: – DEPRECIATION OF PLANT ASSETSQuestion 2: – On January 2, 2005, Jansing Corporation acquired a new machine with an estimated useful life of 5 years. The cost of the machine was $40, 000 with an estimated residual value of $5, 000. The depreciation rate per year is 40 %. a. Prepare a complete depreciation table under the two depreciation methods listed below. Assume that a full year of depreciati on was taken in 2005. 1. Straight-line 2. Declining balance method (Depreciation Rate per year is 40 %) (Meigs & Meigs – Exercise 9. 4 / Page 400) Question 3: – On August 3, 2000, Srini Construction purchased special-purpose equipment at a cost of $1, 000,000.The useful life of the equipment was estimated to be 4 years, with a residual value of $50, 000. The depreciation rate is 50 % per year & half year convention is to be used. a. Compute the depreciation expense to be recognized each calendar year for financial reporting purpose under the straight-line depreciation method. b. Compute the depreciation expense to be recognized each calendar year for financial reporting purpose under the declining balance method with the per year depreciation rate of 50 % (Meigs & Meigs – Exercise 9. 3 / Page 400) For Practice: – Fees & Warren – Exercises 11-5, 11-6 & 11-7 / Page 405 Meigs & Meigs – Problems 9. 2 & 9. 3THIRD STAGE: – DISPOSAL OF PLANT ASSETS Question 4: – During the current year, Ramirez Developers disposed of plant assets in the following transactions: Feb 10Office equipment costing Rs. 26, 000 was given to a scrap dealer at no charge. At the date of disposal, accumulated depreciation on the equipment amounted to Rs. 25, 800. Apr 01Ramirez sold land and a building to Claypool Associates for Rs. 900, 000, receiving Rs. 100, 000 cash and a five year, 9 percent note receivable for the remaining balance. Ramirez records showed the following records: Land Rs. 50, 000; Building, Rs. 550, 000; accumulated depreciation: Building (at the date of disposal), Rs. 250, 000.Aug 15 Ramirez traded-in an old truck with a new one. The old truck had costRs. 26, 000, and its accumulated depreciation amounted to Rs. 18, 000. The list price of the new truck was Rs. 39, 000, but Ramirez received a Rs. 10, 000trade-in allowance for the old truck and paid Rs. 29, 000 in cash. Ramirez includes trucks in its Vehicle account. Oct 0 1Ramirez traded in its old computer system as part of the purchase of a new system. The old system had cost Rs. 15, 000, and its accumulated depreciation amounted to Rs. 11, 000. The new computer’s list price was Rs. 8, 000. Ramirez accepted a trade-in allowance of Rs. 500 for the old computer system, paying Rs. , 500 down in cash, and issuing a 1-year, 8 percent note payable for the Rs. 6, 000 balance owed. Instructions: – Prepare journal entries to record each of the disposal transactions. (Meigs & Meigs – Problem 9. 4 / Pg 404) For Practice: – Fees & Warren – Ex. 11-12 & Ex. 11-13 Question 5: – On January 5, 2005, a machine was bought by J & P Traders at a list price of Rs. 43,000. The cost of its carriage in was Rs. 800, installation and testing charges were Rs. 4,200 Its estimated useful life is 4 years and its estimated residual value is Rs. 2, 000. Instructions: a. Calculate the cost price of the machine and give a proper journal entr y of the acquisition of the tangible asset. b.Calculate the per year depreciation expense using the straight line method. c. Prepare the depreciation schedule for all the four years. d. Give the adjusting entries to record depreciation for the last useful year. e. After its useful life, the machine was traded-in for a new machine. The new machine’s list price was Rs. 58, 000. J & P Traders accepted a trade-in allowance of Rs. 3, 000 for the old machine, paying Rs. 9, 000 down in cash, and issuing a 1-year, 8 percent note payable for the Rs. 46, 000 balance owed. 2. INTANGIBLE ASSETS Similarities between Tangible and Intangible assets 1. Plant Assets 2. Long Lived 3. Recorded at cost 4. Cost is expensed over useful life in a systematic manner.For Intangible assets, Straight line method over 40 years is followed. 5. At disposal, the book value is eliminated, gain / loss is recorded. Differences S. No| TANGIBLE ASSETS| INTANGIBLE ASSETS| 1. | Has physical existence| Has no physi cal existence| 2. | Term â€Å"Depreciation† is used. | Term â€Å"Amortization† is used. | 3. | Cost Price = list price + all other necessary expenses. | Cost Price = Purchase Price only| 4. | Depreciation period depends upon the estimated useful life. | Amortization period cannot be longer than 40 years. | 5. | Depreciation Expense-equip Accumulated Depreciation-Equip| Amortization Expense Patent|Intangible Assets are rights and privileges that result from the ownership of long lived assets that don’t possess physical substance. 1. GOODWILL * Largest Intangible asset on company’s balance sheet under the head of Intangible assets. * Recorded when transaction involves purchase of entire business. Here goodwill is the excess of cost over fair market value of net assets. (assets less liabilities) acquired. * Value of all favorable attributes that relates to a business. Includes 1. Exceptional management 2. Desirable location 3. Good customers relations 4. S killed employees 5. High quality products 6. Manufacturing efficiency 7. Weak Competition 2. PATENTS A right by the government to manufacture, use and sale of a product. * To encourage invention of a new product. * When patent is purchased from the inventor, purchase price is debited by the account title of Patents. * Are granted for 17 years (legal life). * Obsolesce may cause patent to be economically ineffective. 3. TRADE MARK / TRADE NAME * Name, symbol or distinctive design that identifies a business and a product. * Permanent exclusive right to use a trademark, brand name, commercial symbol. Is obtained by registering it with the government. * For a purchased trademark, cost is substantial and amortized over 40 years. * Is renewable. 4. FRANCHISE It is the right granted by the company to conduct a certain type of business in a specific geographical area. * Cost is quite substantial * Small cost – Amortized over a short period of 5 years. * Material cost – 40 year s. Amortization should be based on the life of the franchise. 5. COPYRIGHTS * Exclusive rights granted by the government to protect the production and sale of literary or artistic material for the life of the creator plus 50 years. NATURAL RESOURCES Examples: – Oil & Gas Reserves, gold, copper, coal mines, timber (forests), etc. As long as this asset is present in its natural environment, it is regarded as Property, Plant & Equipment.Once it is removed from its natural environment, it becomes inventory, i. e. a current asset. Question 1: – Rainbow Minerals paid Rs. 45, 000, 000 (Rs. 45 million) to acquire the Super Coal Mine, which is believed to contain 10 million tons of coal. The residual value of the mine after all of the coal is removed is estimated to be Rs. 5 million. Working: – Cost – Estimated Residual Value = Depletion Expense per ton Estimated Production In tons 45 million – 5 million = Rs. 4 Depletion Expense per ton 10 million Suppose in the first year, 2 million tons of coal was mined, the entry to record depletion would be 2010Debit (Rs) Credit (Rs) Dec 31 Inventory 8, 000, 000 Accumulated Depletion: Super Coal Mine 8, 000, 000 To record depletion of the Super Coal Mine for the year. (2, 000, 000 tons mined @ Rs. 4 per ton) Balance Sheet (extract) of Rainbow Mineral Property, Plant & Equipment Mining Properties: Super Coal Mine Rs. 45, 000, 000 Less: Accumulated Depletion 8, 000, 000 Rs. 37, 000, 000 (Meigs & Meigs, Page 389) Out of 2 million tons, 75, 000 tons of coal was sold. Record the Cost of Goods Sold.Cost of Goods Sold 300, 000 Inventory 300, 000 To record the cost of goods sold Question 2: – Salter Mining Company purchased the Northern Tier Mine for Rs. 21 million cash. The mine was estimated to contain 2. 5 million tons of copper and to have a residual value of Rs. 1 million. During the first year of mining operations at the Northern Tier Mine, 50, 000 tons of copper were mined of which 40, 00 0 tons were sold. Instructions: – a. Compute depletion expense per ton. Prepare a journal entry to record depletion during the year. b. Show how the Northern Tier Mine, and its

Analysis Essay of Aria by Richard Rodriguez

NOUR BAHRI EN1111 Academic Writing M. Antoniadou 29th October2012 Analysis essay of â€Å"Aria† by Richard Rodriguez (2nd draft) This essay, titled â€Å"Aria†, originally published in 2008, is an autobiographic essay of the author’s childhood, Richard Rodriguez’. In his essay, Richard is against bilingual educators, who think that children in their first years of school should be educated in their native language. According to him this education system is wrong, won’t be beneficial, therefore children should be educated in the same language as the public one.Rodriguez’s main point is to strongly encourage children of immigrant parents to adopt English, the â€Å"public language† as their main language in order to become assimilated in the â€Å"public society† and have a better future. Ricardo describes his childhood as a child of Mexican immigrant parents studying in an English school in America, where he had problems in commu nicating at school because he did not know the â€Å"public language†, English.At first, he was shy and timid at school because he was feeling uncomfortable with English, but with his parents’ and teacher’s help he â€Å"raised his hand to volunteer an answer†, from that day he â€Å"moved very far from the disadvantaged child†(288). He then started feeling as an American citizen. Although Rodriguez admits that he lost the strong intimacy at home with his parents, he emphasizes that the â€Å"loss implies the gain†(291). Rodriguez supports his argument against bilingual education by using mainly the contrast technique in order for the readers to become more sensitive to his topic and argumentRichard’s entire essay is based on the contrast between â€Å"the loss† in private and â€Å"the gain† in public. By presenting those two opposed extremes, readers become more sensitive to his argument as his essay becomes more reali stic. In the part of the private loss, Ricardo faces problems at home, since he came to believe that he was an American citizen, â€Å"at least†(288). So the past refers to before Richard believes that he was an American citizen at the age of 7. Ricardo uses frequently the negation arks in order to support that they remained a loving family, but one greatly changed, â€Å"No longer so close: no longer bound†, â€Å"neither my older brother nor sister†, â€Å"Nor did I† this last in a separate sentence to accentuate his position and the negation (288). He contrasts this new situation with the one they had in the past where â€Å"after dinner each night, the family gathered†(287). Readers feel that in the past family bonds and ties were stronger and the house was full of joy and laughs, â€Å"everyone laughed†(287).Thereby, Richard used â€Å"we† (â€Å"we played†) as for him and his family that has a stronger meaning and connota tion since they where feeling closer, as a whole. But also, in the past Richard was impatient to go back home, where he could actually speak the language, now he says, â€Å"gone was the desperate, urgent, intense feeling of being at home† (288). Furthermore, after this feeling of closeness diminished, â€Å"silence† started taking place in the house as Richard explains that â€Å"as we children learned more and more English, we shared fewer and fewer words with our parents† (288).So in the past, children were more comfortable in speaking Spanish with their parents and spoke a language, which the parents actually understand and respond with ease, the house was full of â€Å"language of home†(286). By speaking English so much, a gap between Richard and his parents grew. After this process of Americanization, â€Å"the silence at home, however, was finally more than a literal silence†(289). He uses a lot words in relation to the ear and hearing as â €Å"sounds† â€Å"listen†, â€Å"listening†, â€Å"heard† and â€Å"speaking†(289).Furthermore, Spanish started becoming unfamiliar to him and English, which is the â€Å"public language† became his â€Å"primary language†. In the past he used to call his parents â€Å"mama and papa†, and now that English is his primary language he calls them â€Å"mother† and â€Å"father† (289). At the end of his essay Richard said that his â€Å"childhood started to end† the day he took the decision that his wants to feel like an American citizen.Richard, most probably, associates the word childhood with his past, before he came to believe that he was an American citizen; a past where he had strong bonds with his parents, the feeling of security and other that they are his parents, Spanish united them. However, as he became less confident with his private identity, he started becoming increasingly confident of his new pu blic identity because the belief that he belonged in public had taken hold. Richard presents in his essay the other side of the â€Å"game†, of learning English and feeling as an American citizen because as he said â€Å"the loss implies the gain†(291).By the gain he means the gain in public, public identity. An important dramatic event occurred, it is the one that resulted in a big change in Richard’s life. And this was the day Richard raised his hand in class to volunteer an answer. This event brought him a lot forward, as he was no longer feeling as a disadvantaged child. Moreover, as Richard began to hear more and more English, â€Å"the high, troubling sounds of los gringos† became unnoticeable to him; he was â€Å"no longer an alien in gringo society†(288). Whereas before he came to believe he was an American citizen, â€Å"los gringos† had a bad connotation, full of â€Å"bitterness or distrust† (288).Rodriguez became more conf ident of himself in speaking English, and he finally heard words, not just sounds. Richard insists in the difference between â€Å"sound and words† (which in the past sounds were helping him in understanding the situation) (288). He came to realize that â€Å"sound and word were tightly wedded† after his Americanization (288). He has also contrasting feelings; he was often â€Å"bemused† and always â€Å"relieved† to realize how â€Å"silent, though crowded with words† his day in public had been (288). Richard means that, since he was feeling more comfortable with English, the words were more powerful and meaningful.Before the dramatic event, English was a â€Å"foreign language† to him, he felt like a â€Å"stranger† to it (287). Becoming more familiar with English helped Richard to achieve many things. He began doing well in school, he made friends and he was feeling more comfortable talking to people in public. Assimilating to the American culture helped Richard feel more at ease among the other American students. So we understand that the â€Å"public identity† he achieved was a great success to him (288). Finally Richard at the end of his essay, make things more clear, and the contrast is still visible.He responds to bilingual educators, who have to distinguish between â€Å"private individuality† and â€Å"public individuality†. While â€Å"becoming assimilated into public society, such assimilation makes possible the achievement of public individuality†(290). Richard points out that â€Å"in public, by contrast, full individuality is achieved†(290). So according to him, the public gain is really important and that is why in his essay the â€Å"gain† is stressed more than the â€Å"loss†. To conclude, in his autobiographic essay, Richard successfully used the contrast technique in order to give a full image of his argument and be more convincing.There was a deep intimacy with his family and the painful feeling of public alienation. However, as he grew up and with his Americanization, this became only the past; meaning that there were no longer good bonds in the family and in public he gained an identity and individuality. Rodriguez offers a contrasting truth: while our heritage and culture may remain forever tied to our native language, the only way we can truly become a part of our community and fit in is to dominate the current spoken language. Word count: 1280 Work Citation: Rodriguez, Richard. The Norton Reader;2008, ww Norton Company,